Comparison between tract and nerve

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  Comparison between tract and nerve Nerve Nerve contain bundle of axons (nerve fibers) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that transmits signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and other parts of the body. It is the most important part of peripheral nervous system Location: Peripheral nervous system. Structure: Made of axons, connective tissue layers (endoneurium: axon is surrounded by it , perineurium: bundle of axons are surrounded by it, epineurium: whole nerve trunk is surrounded by it), and blood vessels. It gets myelination by Schwann cell   Function: Carries sensory signals to the CNS (afferent) from peripheral part of body or motor signals carry from from the CNS (efferent) to target organs like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands Example: Sciatic nerve, median nerve, except optic nerve (though optic nerve is technically part of CNS in develop...
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Difference between True or Anatomical conjugate, Obstetric conjugate, Diagonal conjugate, external conjugate, median conjugate and straight conjugate

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Difference between True or Anatomical conjugate, Obstetric conjugate, Diagonal conjugate, external conjugate, median conjugate and straight conjugate

These pelvic conjugates are important pelvic measurements used in obstetrics to assess the adequacy of the birth canal before vaginal delivery. They are mainly measured in the anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the pelvis.

1. True (Anatomical) Conjugate: The distance between the sacral promontory and the superior border of the pubic symphysis which represents the actual anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic inlet.
 Normal Value: ~ 11 cm.
 Cannot be measured directly in a living patient (due to the bladder).

2. Obstetric Conjugate (Most Clinically Important) The shortest distance between the sacral promontory and the posterior surface of the pubic symphysis and is the narrowest fixed distance through which the baby’s head must pass.

 Normal Value: ~ 10 cm or more (minimum 10 cm needed for vaginal delivery).it cannot be measured directly, but estimated from the diagonal conjugate.

🔹 Formula of measurement :
🔸 Obstetric Conjugate = Diagonal Conjugate – 1.5 cm

3. Diagonal Conjugate : The distance between the sacral promontory and the inferior border of the pubic symphysis and  is the only conjugate that can be measured clinically via vaginal examination. Normal Value: ~ 12.5 cm.  Used to estimate the obstetric conjugate.

4. External Conjugate :  The distance between the sacral promontory and the upper border of the pubic symphysis, measured externally from the L5 spinous process to the upper symphysis.  Normal Value: ~ 20 cm. Rarely used clinically, but helps assess overall pelvic size.

5. Median Conjugate : : The distance between the sacral promontory and the midpoint of the pubic symphysis.  Normal Value: ~11.5 cm. Less commonly used but provides a more accurate measure than the diagonal conjugate.

6. Straight Conjugate : The distance between the tip of the coccyx and the lower border of the pubic symphysis. Significance: Represents the AP diameter of the pelvic outlet. Normal Value: ~9.5 cm (but increases during labor as the coccyx moves backward).

True or Anatomical conjugate

Obstetric conjugate

Diagonal conjugate

External conjugate

Median conjugate

Straight conjugate

The anatomical conjugate or true: Measured between the sacral promontory and the upper edge of the pubic symphysis and measures an average of.

The obstetric conjugate: Measured from the sacral promontory to the point bulging the most on the back of the symphysis pubis

Measured between the sacral promontory and the lower edge of the pubic symphysis, measuring an average of 12.5

from the depression below the last lumbar spine to the upper anterior margin of the symphysis pubis measured from outside by the pelvimeter . It has not a true obstetric importance.

Extends from the lower border of the pubic symphysis to the lower border of the sacrum

Extends from the lower border of the pubic symphysis to the tip of coccyx. The coccyx can bend posteriorly and expand the diameter with 25 mm;

11.0 cm

10.5 cm

12.5

20 cm

about 11.5 cm.

about 9.5 cm

 

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