Comparison between tract and nerve

-
  Comparison between tract and nerve Nerve Nerve contain bundle of axons (nerve fibers) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that transmits signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and other parts of the body. It is the most important part of peripheral nervous system Location: Peripheral nervous system. Structure: Made of axons, connective tissue layers (endoneurium: axon is surrounded by it , perineurium: bundle of axons are surrounded by it, epineurium: whole nerve trunk is surrounded by it), and blood vessels. It gets myelination by Schwann cell   Function: Carries sensory signals to the CNS (afferent) from peripheral part of body or motor signals carry from from the CNS (efferent) to target organs like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands Example: Sciatic nerve, median nerve, except optic nerve (though optic nerve is technically part of CNS in develop...
Post a Comment

Difference between Gynaecoid pelvis, Anthropoid pelvis, Android pelvis & Platypelloid pelvis

-

 

Difference between Gynaecoid pelvis, Anthropoid pelvis, Android pelvis & Platypelloid pelvis

The articulated skeleton of pelvis is four main types based on its shape and dimensions. Pelvic types influence childbirth and the ease of vaginal delivery.

1. Gynaecoid Pelvis which is most Favorable for Vaginal Delivery

 Most common type (50%), typical of females.
Best suited for childbirth due to its round shape and spacious all dimensions of pelvis .

🔹 Shape: Oval (transversely rounded).
🔹 Inlet: Spacious, wide, and circular.
🔹 Sacrum: Well-curved, allowing smooth fetal descent.
🔹 Subpubic Angle: >90° (wide) than male type of pelvis .
🔹 Ischial Spines: Less prominent and everted  allowing more space.
🔹 Outlet diameter is large and well-adapted for vaginal birth.

⭐ Best pelvis for normal vaginal delivery (NVD).

2. Anthropoid Pelvis (Common in Some Populations)

More common in African and some Asian women (25%). It is also fvorable for vaginal birth but may cause occiput posterior (OP) fetal positions during birth process

🔹 Shape: Oval (anteroposteriorly elongated).
🔹 Inlet: Long AP diameter, narrow transverse diameter different from gynaecoid pelvis .
🔹 Sacrum: Deep and curved.
🔹 Subpubic Angle: Narrow (~70°-80°) than gyneacoid pelvis
🔹 Ischial Spines: Prominent but less obstructive.
🔹 Outlet: Large but vertically elongated.

⭐ it favors vaginal delivery but often results in OP positions, causing prolonged labor.

3. Android Pelvis (Typical Male Pelvis)

 More common in males, seen in ~20% of females which is difficult for vaginal delivery; higher risk of C-section. Its shape: Heart-shaped, like a funnel.
🔹 Inlet: Narrow, triangular and Sacrum is like flat, limiting fetal descent.
🔹 Subpubic Angle: <70° (narrow, V-shaped).
🔹 Ischial Spines: Prominent, reducing the space for the baby.
🔹 Outlet: Small, making labor difficult.

⭐ Often results in obstructed labor which need more time , requiring C-section.

4. Platypelloid Pelvis (Least Common, Difficult Delivery)

 Rare (~5%), most unfavorable for vaginal birth and baby's head may not engage properly, leading to prolonged labor. The shape of this type of pelvis is flat, wide, kidney-shaped.
🔹 Inlet: Wide transverse diameter, very short AP diameter.
🔹 Sacrum: Flat and shallow and Subpubic Angle: Wide (~90° or more).
🔹 Ischial Spines: Not prominent, but the AP space is reduced.
🔹 Outlet is small anteroposteriorly, making fetal descent difficult.

⭐ High chance of C-section due to poor fetal engagement. 

  • Gynaecoid pelvis(50%):

 
  • Anthropoid pelvis (25%):

 
  • Android pelvis (20%):

 
  • Platypelloid pelvis (5%):

 

It is the normal female type.

 

It is ape-like type.

.

It is a male type.

 

It is a flat female type.

 

Inlet is slightly transverse oval.

Side walls are straight with blunt ischial spines.

.

 

All anteroposterior diameters are long.

All transverse diameters are short.

 

Inlet is triangular or heart-shaped with anterior narrow apex.Side walls are converging (funnel pelvis) with projecting ischial spines.

 

All anteroposterior diameters are short.

All transverse diameters are long.

 

Sacro-sciatic notch is wide

Sacro-sciatic notch is wide.

 

Sacro-sciatic notch is narrow.

 

Sacro-sciatic notch is narrow.

 

Subpubic angle is 90-100o.

 

Subpubic angle is narrow

Subpubic angle is narrow <90o.

 

Subpubic angle is wide

Sacrum is wide with average concavity and inclination.

 

Sacrum is long and narrow.

 

Sacrum is narrow

Sacrum is short

 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Difference between relations of right and left suprarenal gland

-
Difference between relations of right and left suprarenal gland Topics Right suprarenal gland Left suprarenal gland Anterior surface Medial inferior vena cava Lateral right lobe of liver including bare area Superior stomach Inferior splenic artery & pancreas Posterior surface Inferior kidney Superior right crus of diaphragm Medial crus of left diaphragm Lateral kidney Medial border Right celiac ganglion Right inferior phrenic artery   Left   celiac ganglion Left   inferior phrenic artery Left gastric vessels Hilum Near the upper end Near the lower end Peritoneal relations Not related with peritoneal except a tiny area below Related to peritoneum of omental bursa which separates it from stomach
Read more

Fibroblast vs fibrocyte

-
  Fibroblast  is permanent  connective tissue cell responsible for the production of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen fibers which  are essential for tissue structure and repair and play a major role in wound healing. unique features of Fibroblasts : Shape and Structure :  Spindle-shaped (elongated). it contain l arge nucleus that is oval or elliptical . and c ytoplasm is abundant and basophilic (stains blue), reflecting active protein synthesis. and it has  prominent nucleolus , indicating high activity in protein synthesis. Function : it produces the structural components of the extracellular matrix like collagen , elastin , glycosaminoglycans , and proteoglycans .  In response to injury, fibroblasts proliferate and migrate to the site of injury, secreting growth factors and ECM components to promote tissue repair and fibrosis. Major producer of collagen fibers which provide tensile strength to tissues. Elastin Production : ...
Read more