Comparison between tract and nerve

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  Comparison between tract and nerve Nerve Nerve contain bundle of axons (nerve fibers) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that transmits signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and other parts of the body. It is the most important part of peripheral nervous system Location: Peripheral nervous system. Structure: Made of axons, connective tissue layers (endoneurium: axon is surrounded by it , perineurium: bundle of axons are surrounded by it, epineurium: whole nerve trunk is surrounded by it), and blood vessels. It gets myelination by Schwann cell   Function: Carries sensory signals to the CNS (afferent) from peripheral part of body or motor signals carry from from the CNS (efferent) to target organs like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands Example: Sciatic nerve, median nerve, except optic nerve (though optic nerve is technically part of CNS in develop...
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Difference between transcription and translation

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Difference between transcription and translation

Topic

Transcription

Translation

Definition

It is a process whereby information is transmitted from DNA to the mRNA

It is a process of translating information from mRNA into protein synthesis

Purpose

The purpose of transcription is to make RNA copies of individual genes that the cell can use in the biochemistry.

The purpose of translation is to synthesize proteins, which are used for millions of cellular functions.

Products

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and non-coding RNA( like microRNA)

Proteins

Product processing

A 5’ cap is added, a 3’ poly A tail is added and introns are spliced out.

A number of post-translational modifications occur including phosphorylation, SUMOylation, disulfide bridges and farnesylation.

Location

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Initiation

Occurs when RNA polymerase protein binds to the promoter in DNA and forms a transcription initiation complex. Promoter directs the exact location for the initiation of transcription.

Occurs when ribosome subunits, initiation factors and t-RNA bind the mRNA near the AUG start codon.

Termination

RNA transcript is released and polymerase detaches from DNA. DNA rewinds itself into a double-helix and is unaltered throughout this process.

When the ribosome encounters one of the three stop codons it disassembles the ribosome and releases the polypeptide.

Elongation

RNA polymerase elongates in the 5' --> 3' direction

The incoming aminoacyl t-RNA binds to the codon at A-site and a peptide bond is formed between new amino acid and growing chain. Peptide then moves one codon position to get ready for the next amino acid. It then proceeds in a 5' to 3’ direction.

antibiotics

Transcription is inhibited by rifampicin and 8-Hydroxyquinoline.

Translation is inhibited by anisomycin, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, streptomycin, erythromycin and puromycin.

Localization

Found in prokaryotes' cytoplasm and in a eukaryote's nucleus

Found in prokaryotes' cytoplasm and in eukaryotes' ribosomes on endoplasmic reticulum

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