Comparison between tract and nerve

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  Comparison between tract and nerve Nerve Nerve contain bundle of axons (nerve fibers) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that transmits signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and other parts of the body. It is the most important part of peripheral nervous system Location: Peripheral nervous system. Structure: Made of axons, connective tissue layers (endoneurium: axon is surrounded by it , perineurium: bundle of axons are surrounded by it, epineurium: whole nerve trunk is surrounded by it), and blood vessels. It gets myelination by Schwann cell   Function: Carries sensory signals to the CNS (afferent) from peripheral part of body or motor signals carry from from the CNS (efferent) to target organs like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands Example: Sciatic nerve, median nerve, except optic nerve (though optic nerve is technically part of CNS in develop...
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Gastroschisis vs omphelocele

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Gastroschisis vs omphelocele

Gastroschisis

omphelocele

 

Incidence 1: 10,000

Incidence 2.5: 10,000

M:F: 1:1

M:F: 1.5:1

Ventral abdominal wall defect resulting from a lack of closure of the lateral body wall folds in the abdominal region resulting in protrusion of intestines and sometimes other organs through the defect  lateral to the umbilicus usually on the right

 

Ventral abdominal wall defect caused by failure of physiologically herniated loops of bowel to return to the abdominal  cavity in the 10th week

It is developed earlier than the omphelocele 3rd to 4th week of gestation when lateral folds of embryonic disc l fail to fuse together

Physiological umbilical herniation of intestinal loops develops at 6th week of intrauterine life and normally it start to return at 10th week of intrauterine life. In omphelocele  intestinal loops fails to return so herniation persists  

It is more occurs in  young women <20 years old.

It is more associated with Increase maternal age

Prematurity

High gravid

It is not covered by peritoneum and amnion

It is covered by amnion, Wharton jelly and peritoneum  

It is a central defect

It is situated usually right of umbilicus

Size of the opening < 5cm

2-12 cm

Umbilical cord is situated at its central or little lateral in position of sac

Umbilical cord is situated at its central and protruded content just right to it

Content :  intestines, other organs including the stomach and liver  protruded

 

Content : usually content  intestines, other organs including the  liver, spleen

 

10% cases with increase alpha feto protein level

90% cases with increase alpha feto protein level

It is not associate with chromosomal abnormality or other birth defect like omphalocele so the survival rate is excellent

 

It is associated with a high rate of mortality (25%) and severe malformations, such as cardiac anomalies (50%), neural tube defect (40%), exstrophy of the bladder and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrom. Approximately 15% of live-born infants with omphalocele have chromosomal abnormalities. About 30% of infants with an omphalocele have other congenital abnormalities

During the fourth week of human embryonic development , the lateral body wall folds of the embryo meet at the midline and fuse together to form the anterior body wall.  However, in gastroschisis and other anterior body wall defects, this fails to occur by either one or both of the lateral body wall folds not moving properly to meet with the other and fusing together

This incomplete fusion results in a defect that allows abdominal organs to protrude through the abdominal wall, and the intestines typically herniate through the rectus abdominis muscle, lying to the right of the umbilicus.

Omphalocele is caused by malrotation of the bowels while returning to the abdomen during development. Some cases of omphalocele are believed to be due to an underlying genetic disorder, such as Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13).

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome is also associated with omphaloceles.

 

 

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