Comparison between tract and nerve

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  Comparison between tract and nerve Nerve Nerve contain bundle of axons (nerve fibers) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that transmits signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and other parts of the body. It is the most important part of peripheral nervous system Location: Peripheral nervous system. Structure: Made of axons, connective tissue layers (endoneurium: axon is surrounded by it , perineurium: bundle of axons are surrounded by it, epineurium: whole nerve trunk is surrounded by it), and blood vessels. It gets myelination by Schwann cell   Function: Carries sensory signals to the CNS (afferent) from peripheral part of body or motor signals carry from from the CNS (efferent) to target organs like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands Example: Sciatic nerve, median nerve, except optic nerve (though optic nerve is technically part of CNS in develop...
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Difference between Klinfelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome

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Difference between Klinfelter’s  syndrome and Turner’s syndrome

Topic

Klinfelter’s  syndrome

 Turner’s syndrome

Definition

This syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra sex chromosome (XXY instead of XY)

This syndrome is caused by the lack of sex chromosome (XO instead of XX).

Genetic disorder

It is a numerical genetic disorder also call trisomy

It is a numerical genetic disorder also call monosomy

Genotype

The trisomy of sex chromosome (2n+1), here one extra X chromosome- XXY, are present in males.

Monosomy of sex chromosome (2n-1), here only one X chromosome, is present in females.

Chromosomal complement in somatic cell

47XXY

45X0

Phenotype

. Affected individuals are phenotypically male

Affected individuals are phenotypically female

Occurrence

1 in 1100 phenotypic males.

1 in 2500 phenotypic females.

Symptoms 

Enlarged breasts, undeveloped penis and testicles associated azoospermia and sterility

Length of legs and arms are usually longer than normal

Increase gonadotropin levels

Reduction of chest hair, axillary and pubic hair ,

 

Lymphedema, underweight and swelling or thickness of the neck.they have  underdeveloped breasts, uterus, vulva or vagina,but ovaries are not developed, so primary amenorrhea occurs, associated dysfunctions are hearing impairment, cardiovascular dysfunctions, shield chest with pin-point nipples, low set ear, bilateral cubital valgus, coarctation of aorta, and other congenital anomalies. 

Stature

Long stature

Short stature

Gonadal sex

Are present and are atrophied

 

Are absent

Cause

Advance maternal age

Turner syndrome is not related to advanced maternal age; and in fact, is more likely due to instability of the Y chromosome leading to its loss during male meiosis since 75–80% of X chromosomes in TS patients are maternal in origin. 

Cause of genetic disorder

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction, anaphase lag

Barr body

Male but barr body is present due to presence of extra X chromosome

Female  but barr body is absent due to absence of one  X chromosome

Treatment

Fertility treatment.

Psychological counselling.

Removal of excess breast tissue.

Hormonal Replacement Therapy.

Support and Educational evaluation.

 

There is no cure for Turner syndrome. It is commonly treated with replacement therapy including estrogen and growth hormones.

Gonad

Testes absent or less developed

Ovaries are not developed

 

 

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