difference between anatomy

Difference between white rami and gray rami communicans Gray and white rami communicans are related with sympathetic system. Both gray and white rami communicans are attached with ventral ramus of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves. Only gray rami communicans are attached with ventral ramus of cervical, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves. Through white rami communicans pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibre leave the spinal nerves and enter into sympathetic ganglia . pre- ganglionic fibres are myelinated so it looks white. Through gray rami communicans post-ganglionic sympathetic fibre again enter into the spinal nerve , leave the sympathetic ganglia. Post ganglionic sympathetic fibres are non- myelinated so it looks gray. Gray and white rami communicans are the lateral branch of sympathetic ganglia which connect ventral ramus of corresponding spinal nerve. White rami communicans has distal connection with ventral ramus of spinal nerve. Gray rami communicans has proxima...

Difference between sphincter papillae and dilator papillae sphincter papillae  Dilator papillae They are involuntary   muscle fibers of the iris, which arranged circularly   They are involuntary   muscle fibers of the iris , which running radially It is only present in papillary margin of iris It is present radially from papillary margin to periphery   It is supplied by parasympathetic fibers from Edinger-westphal nucleus of oculomotor nerve. It is supplied by sympathetic fibers  Function: constrictor of the pupil. It is widening the pupil and allowing for more light to pass through the eye.

Difference between right and left posterior intercostal veins Right posterior intercostal veins Drain into Left posterior intercostal veins Drain into 1 st Right brachiocephalic vein 1 st Left   brachiocephalic vein 2-4 Superior intercostal vein drain into azygous vein – azygous vein drain into SVC 2-4 Superior intercostal vein drain into left brachiocephalic vein   5-11 Azygous vein drain into SVC 5-8 Accessory hemi-azygous   vein 12 subcostal vein Azygous vein drain into SVC 9-12 Hemi-azygous   vein

Topics Erb’s or Erb–Duchenne   paralysis Klumpke’s paralysis Nerve roots involved C5 & C6 C8 and T1 Trunk Upper trunk of brachial plexus is involved Lower trunk of brachial plexus is involved Muscles paralyzed Deltoid , supra spinatus , biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis , supinator and extensor carpi radialis longus All intrinsic muscles of the hand Position of upper limb or hand Policeman’s tip / porter’s tip/waiter’s tip position Claw hand Disability Abduction and lateral rotation of the arm , flexion and supination of forearm is lost Flexion of the fingers are lost and partially loss flexion of wrist joint Some additional   finding , vision disturb due to loss of   dilatation of pupil and elevation of upper lid Sensory loss Along the outer aspect of the arm Along the medial border of forea...

Interior of right ventricle: Internally it has two parts 1.      inflowing rough part due to trabeculae carneae  ( muscular ridges of the heart ) and 2.       outflowing smooth part also known as infundibulum. The two part are separated by a muscular ridge known as supraventricular crest. The cavity of the right ventricle is crescent shape in cross section because the interventricular septum make a bulge toward the right ventricle. Moderator band: (septomarginal trabeculum) it is the unique features of the right ventricle , a thick muscular ridge extending from the ventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle. It conveys the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) , a part of conducting system of the heart .  Function : it prevent overdistension of right ventricle of heart  Trabeculae carneae of right ventricle: Three types of muscular projections are present in ...

Right and left ventricles of heart : The heart consists of four chambers: ·         Right and left atrium both are separated by interatrial septum ·         Right and left ventricle both are separated by interventricular septum Right ventricle :  The wall of the right ventricle is thicker than the atrium but it is less thick than the left ventricle. It contains two orifices 1.      Right atrioventricular orifice: by this orifice deoxygenated blood of right atrium enters into the right ventricle 2.      .2. Pulmonary orifice : by this orifice it sends it deoxygenated blood to the lung via pulmonary trunk for oxygenation.   Externally it forms most the sternocostal surface and 1/3 of diaphragmatic surface. It also form inferior border. It is separated from right atrium by atrioventricular sulcus /groove or coronary sulcus. It also separated from left v...